Ender’S Game Essay Example For Students

Ender’S Game Essay Enders Game is a sci-fi novel set in the genuinely far off future, in when outsiders have assaulted Earth twice and the populace is extraordinary to the point that an overall birth limit has been forced. While some of Enders Game happens in the serene North Carolina open country, most of the story is set in space, and at the end, on an outsider planet. The fascinating time and spot quickly increase the feeling of experience in the story, yet predominantly the setting mirrors the sentiments of Ender Wiggen, the fundamental character of the novel. The physical confinement of the fight and order schools matches Enders own sentiments of disconnection and defenselessness. The epic is composed from the omniscient perspective, albeit the vast majority of the story is worried about the contemplations of Ender Wiggin, the fundamental character of the novel. Through his eyes the state of mind is one of smothering vulnerability blended with a sence of earnestness until after the peak when it ge ts one of expectation. Ender Wiggen is the unquestionable legend of the story. He is the ideal man (or kid) for the activity: free, solid willed, intellectually extreme, imaginative and develop. While Ender shares the authority capacities of his sibling Peter, he is likewise touchy and great hearted like his sister Valentine. The caring side of Ender isn't what intrigues his Machiavellian military educators, nonetheless. They control Enders ability and attempt to fashion him into a solid, heartless pioneer. Colonel Graff, the leader of the fight school, is particularly brutal and deceitful. Graff disengages Ender from his companions, drives him to the point of depletion, and, on a few events, sets Ender up for circumstances in which he should really execute different understudies in self preservation. Likely the most significant auxiliary characters in this story are Enders sibling and sister, Peter and Valentine. Despite the fact that the both are masters like Ender, they speak to two furthest edges of the character range. Dwindle is a twisted, influential, and scheming individual who needs to deal with the world while Valentine is mindful, empathetic and moral despite the fact that she inevitably helps Peter in his journey to manage the world. Together they make an imposing and parity group, however neither genuinely trusts the other. The vast majority of different characters in this novel are different understudies at the fight school. There are essentially three kinds of understudies: The bigoted, dangerous understudies who ceaselessly assault Ender both obnoxiously and truly, the couple of mindful, well disposed understudies who help Ender en route, and the agreeable, consistent more youthful understudies that Ender 0commands. The main genuine special case is Bean, one of Enders subordinates who from multiple points of view resembles a more youthful adaptation of Ender, and who later gets one of Enders unit leaders. One other one of a kind character is Ma zer Rackham, Enders teacher in the last piece of the book, a man who without any assistance crushed the outsiders in a previous intrusion. While savage and uncaring like Enders different teachers, Mazer could without much of a stretch be Ender later on, similarly as Bean could undoubtedly be a more youthful form of Ender. There are two significant clashes in Enders Game, one interior and the other outer. The primary outside clash includes Enders battles to defeat the obstructions set in his way by his military directors. To make him as solid, innovative and autonomous as could be expected under the circumstances, the educators disengage Ender and put him in circumstances that appear to be outlandish. When Ender achieves an assignment, the educators give him a much increasingly troublesome one. The principle inner clash of the story is an immediate consequence of the fundamental outside clash. Ender is incredibly resolved to be effective at the schools, yet he feels separated and def enseless, precisely how his teachers need him to feel. Ender realizes that he is the main trust in driving the battle against the outsiders, but since the educators make his life so troublesome, he feels that he is in a hopeless scenario. Another hindrance for Ender in that he fears that through his military preparing he is turning out to resemble Peter, the one thing that he fears the most. The idea is despicable to Ender, and it makes his assurance wave in a few purposes of the book. In spite of the fact that the reason for the story is that ender must lead the battle against the outsiders, the genuine clash is a moderately minor one, particularly in light of the fact that at the time Ender still accepts he is in preparing, and not so much battling the outsiders. It is an indispensable clash, be that as it may, in light of the fact that the story couldn't happen without the aiens as foes. Another minor clash concerns Valentine. She needs to be a piece of Peters intend to oversee t he world, yet she wouldn't like to work with of for Peter. This contention isn't critical to the story, be that as it may, despite the fact that Peter and Valentines plot to assume control over the world is significant. .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 , .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 .postImageUrl , .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 , .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7:hover , .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7:visited , .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7:active { border:0!important; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7:active , .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7 .focus ed content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua5060ba433117d55917a7481f878cfa7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Civil Rights Movement Timeline Essay

Performance Measurement Paper Essay

In the realm of business there are numerous cliche’s about how execution estimations are actualized and what they really do, for example, â€Å"if your organization doesn’t measure results then you can’t tell accomplishment from disappointment. † http://www. balancedscorecard. organization/Home/tabid/36/Default. aspx The key spotlight on vital goals ought to consistently explain definitely what the association needs to achieve which is the way to finding precise, valid, key estimations. The vital presentation estimates will permit the association to screen the usage and adequacy of the operational effectiveness. The best execution estimates will give an approach to screen and check whether that system is really working. Concentrating on the significance of the employee’s commitment to the achievement of the association is another significant measure that can be included alongside giving a typical language to the correspondence of everybody. Execution estimation is so fundamental in the structure of an association since it is a continuous and consistent announcing and observing of achievements. Commonly the program is actualized by office the executives. The diverse program exercises are estimated by this framework too. A program might be viewed as any venture, movement, or capacity that has a lot of goals. The three kinds where will be investigated starts with the yield sort of execution estimates which shows a particular outstanding burden that is prepared all through a timeframe. The following sort of execution kind of determination is the proficiency type, which shows the diverse ratio’s of the assets to work the item. The assets of this specific kind are basically viewed as spending dollars. The last execution estimation type that will be under difference is the result type which tells the outcomes over some undefined time frame from work which was performed by the association so as to profit the individuals accepting the administration. (EOM) or endeavor yield the board is a training utilized in data innovation managing the association of information that is made for banking frameworks, protection database frameworks, client relationship the board, just as numerous others. Yield dispersed administration is characterized as center product that takes steps to drive out the procedure initially upheld so as to actualize an auto mated one. EOM yield managment might lessen the expense of customary printing since it utilizes computerized yield channel, for example, fax and email. The capability of this is relies upon how the idea is embraced by the focused on client gathering. The board data frameworks permit associations to get ideal individuals the right data at a convenient and proficient way. The proficiency kind of execution the board works by arranging data. Hence improving the items and extending the client base simultaneously. A trough with a decent administration data framework can wipe out excess miscues that sit around idly and may rather concentrate on what really works for the improvement of the association. On the off chance that a MIS is included into the condition, at that point the measure of efficient that will profit the association will be enormous in light of the fact that there is additional time being centered around the particular job that needs to be done. The PC program can gather information from workers a lot quicker than the elective tedious technique for not exploiting the innovation. The general term execution the executives is characterized as the yield of workers and gatherings separately. The representatives might be partitioned into gatherings and divisions inside the association all in all. Consequently the exhibitions can be assessed substantially more adequately by comprehending what everyone’s creation levels are and by social affair this data will assist with improving the nature of creation in the association which will prompt beneficial things for everybody. All together for the exhibition the board strategies to be set up and carry out the responsibility that they are expected to do there ought to be a presentation definition done when humanly conceivable in light of the fact that this information will help drive the remainder of the entrusting in grouping for what should be accomplished for the association.

Jose Rizal Life and Education Essay

Family and Early life He was the seventh youngster in a group of 11 kids (2 young men and 9 young ladies). His folks went to class and were notable. His dad, Francisco Rizal Mercado, tried sincerely as a rancher in Binan, Laguna. Rizal admired him. His mom, Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos, was conceived in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. She read a great deal and thought about craftsmanship and numerous different things. Rizal said she was cherishing and extremely savvy. He took in the letters in order from his mom at three years old. At age five, while figuring out how to peruse and compose, he likewise indicated that he could draw and paint. He astonished his family and family members with his pencil drawings and outlines and with his moldings of mud. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Education In 1877, at 16 years old, he completed school (Bachelor of Arts) from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Around the same time, he went to another school to contemplate Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas. Simultaneously, he took classes to turn into an assessor and assessor at the Ateneo. In 1878, he went to the University of Santo Tomas to turn into a specialist. He halted in hisstudies when he felt that the Filipino understudies were not being dealt with directly by the clerics who were likewise their instructors. On May 3, 1882, he passed by pontoon to Spain. In Spain, he proceeded with his investigations at the Universidad Central de Madrid. On June 21, 1884, at 23 years old, he got his degree and turned into a specialist. On June 19,1885, at 24 years old, he got another degree in Philosophy and Letters. Having gone all through Europe, America and Asia, he communicated in 22 dialects. These include: * Arabic * Catalan * Chinese| * English * French * German| * Greek * Hebrew * Italian| * Japanese * Latin * Malayan| * Portuguese * Russian * Sanskrit| * Spanish language * Tagalog| A keen man, he was acceptable at numerous different occupations other than being a specialist: * planner * craftsman * businessperson * cartoonist| * instructor * market analyst * ethnologist * logical farmer| * student of history * innovator * writer * linguist| * performer * mythologist * patriot * naturalist| * author * ophthalmic specialist * artist * propagandist| * therapist * researcher * stone worker * humanist * theologian| â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Political Life He would have liked to roll out political improvements in his nation and to cause the Filipinos to go to class. Rizal composed numerous sonnets and books that show his affection for his nation. In March 1887, his book, Noli Me Tangere was distributed. It shows the negative behavior patterns of the Spanish clerics. El Filibusterismo, his subsequent novel was distributed on September 18, 1891. It is more troubled than his first book. Rizal was not enjoyed by people with significant influence. He indicated the terrible things done by the clerics and the individuals in the administration and this drove him and his family members into inconvenience. Along these lines, he and the individuals who he knew were being viewed by the administration. They were making up terrible things against him. He was put to prison in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892. They said that papers with words he composed against ministers were found in the gear of his sister Lucia who show up with him from Hong Kong. He was made to remain in Dapitan and there he did cultivating, angling andbusiness. He likewise worked and worked in a clinic. He showed the English and Spanish dialects and expressions of the human experience. â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Later Life and Death. At the point when the Philippine Revolution (the war of Filipinos against the Spaniards) began on August 26, 1896, his foes followed him quick. They had the option to get individuals to express awful things against him and connected him with the war. He was never permitted to converse with these individuals. Since the Spanish specialists thought he was answerable for the exercises of the progressives, he was ousted to the city of Dapitan in Zamboanga, in Mindanao (Southern Philippines). From November 3, 1896, to the date of his passing, he was again held at Fort Santiago. In jail, he composed a sonnet with no title. It is currently called Ultimo Adios and turned into a popular sonnet in the Philippines. It communicates the hero’s extraordinary love of nation just as that everything being equal. After a preliminary by the military specialists, he was indicted for disobedience (conflicting with the administration), rebellion (raising hell) and of shaping illicit affiliation (meeting not permitted by the legislature). He was executed (rebuffed by slaughtering) by firearms terminated by officers on December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan Field. He was 35 years of age at the hour of his passing. His passing spot is currently a national park (presently known as Luneta), and a landmark has been developed in his respect.

Quality Compliance at the Hawthorn Arms Essay

The Controversial Issue Of Euthanasia Philosophy Essay Willful extermination has been a disputable issue for an exceptionally prolonged stretch of time. The old Romans and Greeks bolstered killing after the understanding of the Hippocratic Oath that was composed around 400 B.C. They accepted that the people life ought not be safeguarded if this individual has no enthusiasm forever. Subsequently, intentional willful extermination was not prohibited in the old Greek and Roman civic establishments. Be that as it may, carrying out Suicide just as helping other people to perpetrate self destruction was considered as a criminal demonstration by the English ward during the 1300s. Killing confronted the principal direct law against it in New York at the 1828 which was known as the Anti-Euthanasia law. Killing like Abortion had become a significant issue for bantering in the next decades until the ongoing days .(Sandhyarani, 2001). These days, all word references and references characterize willful extermination as benevolence killing of patients in serious hopeless torment. Oxford word reference for instance, has characterized willful extermination as: the easy executing of a patient experiencing a serious and excruciating ailment or in an irreversible extreme lethargies. The manner in which these definitions were characterized originated from the beginning of the word Euthanasia, where Euthanasia is a Greek word originated from the seventeenth century to join two words, Eu which has good intentions and simple and Thanatos meaning death.(Oxford word reference, 2010). Killing these days can be sorted into a wide range of structures and types, the first and most regular one is the dynamic deliberate killing where the patient is tolerantly killed with his own will and solicitation, its otherwise called the helped self destruction. Other diverse structure is known as the automatic inactive willful extermination that let the patients bite the dust without their own solicitation, this sort is known for patients who are in extreme lethargies or incapable to talk or speak with others.(BBC, 2009). With the present discussions and advancements on the planet, killing is being talked about all inclusive, legitimized in certain nations and still examined in others. Netherland was the primary nation on the planet to authorize Euthanasia in 2002, trailed by Belgium toward the finish of 2002 and a few sections in the United States of America. Switzerland then again permits the doctor helped self destruction in uncommon cases however the willful extermination is as yet not lawful in this nation. What must be thought about the laws of these nations is that they are carefully normalized for willful extermination as killing is being applied distinctly to explicit sorts of patients. Killing is without a doubt one of the most disputable issues to date. Taking the two sides, supporting and restricting willful extermination in the general public, specialists and governments into contemplations, the principle question presently focuses on whether Euthanasia is the correct demonstration to consider on the cases with no fix and whether killing ought to be sanctioned. The procedure of effortlessly helping a critically ill individual to bite the dust ought to be legitimized as its a kind demonstration that offers nobility and sympathy at lifes unfeeling end. Individuals who are euthanized are going to bite the dust at any rate. In any case, by legitimizing killing, they can be spared from enduring awful pain.(Friedman, 2010) Therefore, governments ought not disrupt the general flow of giving seriously sick individuals without any odds access getting relieved to take their lives lawfully by Euthanasia. The accompanying exploration venture will thusly concentrate on the reasons why killing ought to be sanctioned, what we can forestall and pick up by legitimizing willful extermination, impacts of killing and its future. The time span utilized in this examination venture is from 2000 till date, the exploration is indicating the most recent thoughts and contentions introduced on the planet where willful extermination is as yet creating and contentions engaged with this issue are inclining more towards legitimizing killing for quite a while. 2.0 Body of Content 2.1 Euthanasia is a Freedom of Choice: Similarly as I will choose my boat when I am going to go on a journey, or my home when I propose to take a habitation, so I will pick my demise when I am going to leave from life. Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Roman Stoic Philosopher, speaker and legislator) Each individual was brought into the world free and has the privilege to kick the bucket free with his own will. Also, stately demise is one of the principal rights individuals should have as being a vital part of the central rights to life. As indicated by the Daily Telegraph (2008), Chantal Sebire was a French lady determined to have an uncommon sort of disease (a harmful neoplasm of the nasal vault) in 2002, her tumor created and arrived at a point where it can't be halted or restored, it made cut off deformations in Sebires face removing the faculties of smelling, tasting and inevitably sight from her. Besides, Sebire was experiencing loathsome agony; she said a typical human would not permit a creature to experience. She spoke to the French court requesting a consent to have a helped self destruction as she was unable to hold up under the torment any longer. Notwithstanding, her allure was dismissed as killing isn't lawful in France. After two days Chantal Sebire was discovered dead as she ended it all in her home after her allure was dismissed. It very well may be seen from that case that along these lines of intersection into death was uncalled for as it was more alarming and excruciating experience than a managed willful extermination. In Sebires case just as other comparable situations where fix isn't found for patients, patients are experiencing repulsive agony and they are going to bite the dust in any case, governments ought not hold up traffic of those seriously sick individuals with no fix or treatment to take their lives lawfully by helped self destruction. Along these lines, the life of those patients is their decision and they reserve the privilege to keep living or bite the dust calmly. The quest for joy is the quest for help from torment and languishing. (Cockeram, 2007). By having the predominant force in keeping the lives of patients with zero chance in recovering or having fix isn't giving them help or even bliss, it resembles holding their lives, watching them endure at the last snapshots of their lives and securing them a real existence they are not having since they have lost their faculties, emotions or even cognizant. Rivals of killing contend that willful extermination is a barbarous demonstration and a human requirement to end others lives without their consent. Lozano referenced that the Vatican accepts that closure lives of seriously sick individuals even the untimely children who are gravely sick by killing is an unlawful go about just as demonstration of savagery. (CNA, 2006). Along these lines, adversaries accept that willful extermination would disregard the Gods endowment of life and authorize in completion lives of individuals who can't speak with others. Be that as it may, as indicated by the article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Everyone has the option to life, freedom and security of individual. Article 5 includes No one will be exposed to torment or to savage, brutal or corrupting treatment or discipline. In the event that nobody will be exposed to torment, at that point for what reason do we need to watch them endure? (Willful extermination UK, 2007). A large porti on of the individuals who pick killing are those patients who experience the ill effects of maladies that cause a great deal of agony and can't be dealt with. In the event that those patients decide not to manage the agony, they ought to reserve the option to do as such. (Bose, 2011). It is the privilege of those patients with no fix to pick their own life and passing. Other sort of mind dead patients who are in irreversible unconsciousness and can't impart get no opportunities in returning to life or in any event, getting admirably as by and large their cerebrums are harmed, it is in support of them just as different patients favors with chances in persuading relieved to be euthanized, giving them the kindness murdering doesnt mean it is a barbarous demonstration without wanting to yet it is finishing their endure, discharging their secured spirits no life and bringing down the costs their folks or family members need to pay for emergency clinics just for keeping them alive yet obl ivious through machines. Euthanizing such patients can be by shortening the measure of oxygen or food given to them through machines and cylinders. Accordingly, willful extermination ought not be considered as a savage demonstration however a demonstration of leniency that gives patients and even their folks the option to pick last chance at the hour of endure and unavoidable demise.

American Born Chinese Essay Example For Students

American Born Chinese Essay In American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang, the primary subject would need to be character. Regardless of the realistic novel comprising of three separate storylines, the fundamental characters in the book all offer a similar issue †being awkward with whom they are and associated with. If one somehow happened to rearrange and heat up the message of the book down to single word, it would act naturally acknowledgment. The ethics of character and self-acknowledgment are what American Born Chinese is about. Yang’s epic fills in as an update that we should acknowledge ourselves how we are †doing whatever it takes not to be a person or thing we are definitely not. In the primary storyline of the novel, the perusers are acquainted with the unbelievable Monkey King †the first of three characters who battle with self-acknowledgment. Despite the fact that he rules over Flower Mountain, Monkey isn't content by being only a lord †he wants to be perceived as a divinity. By the by, in light of the fact that different gods see him nothing other than a monkey, he learns whatever number teaches as would be prudent to surpass the life of his sort. Be that as it may, at long last, endeavoring to be something he isn't, he loses control. The subsequent storyline gets Jin Wang, a little youngster who is joined up with an American school in the wake of originating from China. Not long after his first day of school, Jin discovers exactly that it is so hard to be one of only a handful scarcely any Asians among the numerous American countenances. A while later, when another little fellow from Taiwan is enlisted as an international student named Wei-Chen, Jin from the outset takes no intrigue. He doesn’t need to be out openly with other Asian individuals, yet he later understands the things they share practically speaking and later become the best of companions. Regardless of that however, Jin Wang is inside embarrassed about his friends’ Asian legacy. The last storyline presents Danny, an American secondary school ball player who has the ideal understudy life consistently until his cousin from China, Chin-Kee, desires a visit. Exactly when Danny is going to get a sweetheart, make a games group, or become mainstream around school, a visit from his â€Å"F. O. B. † cousin changes as long as he can remember, constraining Danny to move schools so as to get away from the humiliation and disgrace. Since Chin-Kee has inclined eyes, buck teeth, knows Kung-Fu, and has an emphasize, Danny loses his direction and goes all out on his cousin †just bringing about one awful move. At long last, each of the three storylines consolidate, uncovering the lesson of the novel †tolerating yourself simply the manner in which you are. Each character was embarrassed about something they were â€Å"unfortunately† associated with †the Monkey King’s species, Jin’s Asian culture, and Danny’s cousin. They were so fixated on how others saw them that they lost control, bringing hurt distinctly to themselves. The Monkey King, Jin, and Danny all from the outset neglected to understand that there is nothing amiss with being a pariah. This tale, all things considered, stresses the significance of self-acknowledgment.

Primary Analysis of The Ballot or the Bullet by Malcolm X Research Paper - 1

Essential Analysis of The Ballot or the Bullet by Malcolm X - Research Paper Example Country of Islam was an association which attempted to set up a different state for African American Muslims and in this manner it restricted huge numbers of the strategies of the social equality movement1. The aims of social equality development were not for breaking the nation, however for recovering the social equality of the abused African American people group. Malcolm was pulled in by the belief systems of the pioneers of common right development and he isolated himself from Nation of Islam, before conveying his renowned discourse The Ballot or the Bullet. Despite the fact that he upheld Black Nationalism on a fundamental level, he never supported the contention for a different state for Muslim African American individuals. He generally accepted that it is smarter to battle for equity without relinquishing the interests of America as a nation. As it were, he never pushed the endeavors to destabilize America despite the fact that his locale attempted to accomplish fairness in American public activity. Simultaneously numerous individuals accept that Malcolm was really attempting to get ready dark network for a ridiculous war with the prevailing white network with the assistance of this discourse. As they would like to think, despite the fact that he gave off an impression of being separated himself from the limitations of religion, his genuine goals were secretive. He attempted to mock the exercises of a portion of the previous high contrast Christian pioneers like Martin Luther King, Clayton Powell, and Reverend Galamison, Billy Graham and so on. Additionally, he requested that his locale utilize their democratic rights prudently and take weapons for self-preservation reason. This paper examinations whether the elements of the open discourse The Ballot or the Bullet made by Malcolm X, were socially/collectively roused or socially propelled. â€Å"Although Im still a Muslim, Im not here today to talk about my religion. Im not here to attempt to change your religion† (Malcolm). Malcolm has understood the significance of accomplishing solidarity among African

Stopping Global Land Grab - Free Essay Example

Indigenous population protests international farmland acquisition 1) INTRODUCTION a) Executive Summary b) Problem statement c) Significance of the proposed study 2) LITERATURE REVIEW 3) DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY a) Data collection and analysis b) Limitations 4) FARMLAND GRAB a) Background and brief history since 2006 b) Behind food price increases c) Water as battleground: securing food supply at expense of local population d) Common elements of the land acquisition deals 5) CASE STUDIES: PROTESTS TO SAVE LOCAL LAND RIGHTS a) Case study #1 Madagascar land grab and government coup b) Case study #2 Kenya proposal to rent the most fertile land causes promise to fight the deal to death c) Case study #3 Asia peasants caravan against global land grab strong message to support local land rights i) Land grab history for countries participating in the caravan ii) Protest iii) Country study: Philippines and the land reform rip-off 6) CONCLUSIONS 1) INTRODUCTION a) Executive summary Increasing food prices in 2006-2008 alarmed the world and crated new trend as a response to a global food crisis. In order to secure their food supplies investor nations are acquiring land in developing counties at much accelerated rate. According to the FAO, such deals have seen almost 2.5 million hectares of farmland allocated to foreign investor in just five sub Saharan countries since 2004. However, these deals are not always a win-win situation; rather they spark a neo-colonialism flare that is putting livelihood of local population at risk. As this report will show, land is an inherently political issue across the globe, with land reform and land rights problems often leading to violent conflicts and socio-political instability in developing countries. This report will specifically look at the backlash of the local population against land grab indicating the common elements and reasons behind these protests. Due to progression of the shape and the form of indigenous populations protests, culminating with multiple country caravan protest, the author of this paper believes that protests against land grabs are in fact opposing the same global scenario of oppression of the local population. In addition, this report will try to emphasize how participation of civil society is mandatory to secure land rights and livelihood of indigenous population. This report will focus on the country of Madagascar and the backlash of the local population against South Korean Daewoo Group intended lease for 99 years of 1.3 million hectares of Madagascars land. The second country examined by this report will be Kenya and Qatars lease of the most fertile land, the Tana River Delta. Following Kenya, this report will analyze the Five month Asia wide peasants caravan for land and livelihood -Stop Global Land Grabbing and Struggle for Genuine Agrarian Reform and Peoples Food Sovereignty. This section will include the analysis of one of the countries involved in the protest, Philippines, concluding with the identification of the common reasons behind global protests against land grab. b) Problem statement What are the common reasons behind protests led by indigenous population against rich investing nations and their land acquisition deals? c) Significance of the proposed study The issue of food security is one of the major issues that we all face on a daily basis. Increasing food prices have changed the political agenda and started the worldwide land grab operation. The land acquisitions by rich investing nations will have an effect on, not only the investing countries and their population, but more importantly on the indigenous population, their social and cultural identity, environment, and local food production. This paper will provide a better understanding behind protested land acquisition practices and the repeated land grab scenarios that threaten livelihood of local population. 2) LITERATURE RIVEW Research shows that increasing food prices in 2006-2008 had lingering effects on the world. Blas and England explain how, alarmed by exporting countries trade restrictions (Indians curbs on rice exports, Ukraines halt wheat shipments and Argentinas impositions of taxes on soy sales) importing countries have realized that their dependence on the international food market makes them vulnerable not only to an abrupt surge in prices, but more crucially to an interruption in supplies. This created a new trend within the global food crises. As Blas and England mention food security has been placed on the top of the political agenda and food crisis gave alarms for all countries to look for places to secure supplies of agricultural goods . This has led, according to Braun and Meinzen, to a world food system that is now an acquisition of farmland in developing countries by other countries seeking to ensure their food supplies. According to Braun and Meinzen, Increased pressures on natural resources, water scarcity, export restrictions imposed by major producers when food prices were high and growing distrust in the functioning of regional and global markets have pushed countries short in land and water to find alternative means of producing food. Proponents of agricultural investments, according to Braun and Meinzen, are mentioning that rural poor could benefit from creation of farm jobs, development of rural infrastructure, new agricultural technologies, schools and health posts. On the other hand, land acquisitions present a threat to peoples livelihoods and ecological sustainability. Another accusation is that land acquisition is a new form of colonialism. In the example provided by Ryall, and as a case study in this report, the riots stopped Korea to sign a 99-year lease of 1.3 million hectares in Madagascar. Ryall mentions that the opponents are emphasizing that these deals are looking far more lucrative for the buyer than for the seller. For instance, Africa, as mentioned by Blas again, is giving land way for no or minimal land fees, only with promises of jobs and infrastructure development and contracts lacks concrete and biding legal weight. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN emphasizes that many of land acqu isition contracts lack transparency, checks, and balance. The FAO emphasize that opportunities and risks of these land deals depend on the terms and conditions of the deals and that this calls for a greater regulations, skilful negotiation, and public oversights. This is especially important in regards to the food insecure poor countries as it is going to be mentioned in the Kenya case study. There should be stronger mechanisms for protecting local right against blanked guarantee to export all the harvest. Suggestions to solve the issue of land are similar and mentioned by Blas and Braun / Meninez. Blas calls for: transparency during the negotiating deals, respect for existing land rights including customary rights, sharing of the benefits and leases rather than purchases. Where in addition to Blas, Braun / Meinsen call for environmental sustainability and adherence to national trade practices. Lennarth Bage, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development said, even though land was long thought less important then oil or mineral deposits that is no longer the case. Now as Bage emphasizes fertile land access to water has become a strategic asset. With this in mind, it is clear that foreign investment in agriculture is not going to end. It is also true that these investments have a potential to provide the countries in development with much needed investment into their rural agricultural areas, but can create risk for poor rural citizens to lose land and/or control over land that is crucial for their survival. To ensure that second does not occur there is a greater need for international law, government rules, and regulations. However, as further mentioned in this report, one of the key elements is involvement of the civil society. A p articipation of the civil society is mandatory in order to maximize benefits for the local population and to secure their rights to land and water resources. 3) DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY a) Data collection and analysis Secondary data collected through this study will come from the external data sources. These are academic publications, library sources, NGOs, government and statistical agencies. Background information on the topic of food security will come from the books and scholarly articles, not limited to the ones mentioned in the literature review. On the other hand, the statistical data needed to address the food security issues, and the food/agricultural indicators, for case study analysis and comparison between the countries, will come from the Food and Agricultural Organization , World Bank , Economic Commission for Africa , Farmland Grab, , CIA World Fact Book , FIAN Fighting Hunger with Human Rights and International Fund for Agricultural Development . The analysis of the data will provide a clearer picture related to the land use and availability of the arable land in Madagascar, Kenya, and Asian Caravan Countries. It will present the current conditions, quantity, and quality of the arable and irrigated land, which will be, together with landlessness of the indigenous population, compared to the size of the investment area. This will emphasize the importance of land to the indigenous population questioning reasons to allow investments that threaten livelihood of local population. b) Limitations The following limitation might have a small impact to this study: the object of any policy proposal is to control and direct further action in this case there are still no concrete evidence whether land acquisition is the most appropriate solution for food security issues and whether foreign investments will help the countries in development meaning these policy initiatives might carry some probability of error that will be determined in the future ; some data collected are not final figures due to lack of transparency in the land acquisition agreements; study is limited to secondary data some statistical data is in the units of analysis different than what researcher needs and the some data is several years old. 4) FARMLAND GRAB: a) Background and brief history since 20006 Delegations from China, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and many other countries have scattered the world in order to find fertile lands to satisfy their citizens needs for not only food security, but also financial returns. As Grains briefing Seized explains, two big global crises that have erupted over the last 15 months the food crisis and the financial crisis are together spawning a new and disturbing trend towards buying up land for outsourced food production. As Grains briefing further explains in relation to food security, countries around the world, financially dependant on the price of food imports, are seeking ways to feed their population by taking control over the farmland in other nations. However, as a response to financial returns, Grain further mentions how multiple players, from investment houses to private funds, are looking for a faster returns and they are turning to land. A combination of land in developing countries being cheep, and expected high returns on food and fuel production investments are representing a catalyst for unprecedented quest for this new strategic resource. b) Behind food price increases As International Monetary Fund explains, food prices have increased by 45 percentages since 2006. Besides food prices of crude oil, tin, nickel, soybeans, corn and wheat reached record highs in US $ terms. The reasons for this, as IMF explains, are the following: strong demand for food from emerging economies rising biofuel production adds to the demand for corn supply adjustments to higher prices has remained slow (especially low inventory of oil) major exporting countries introduced export taxes, export bank or other restriction on exports of agricultural products drought conditions in major wheat-producing countries (Australia and Ukraine), higher impute costs (animal feed / fertilizer) financial factors (depreciating US $ increases purchasing power of users outside the dollar area and shifts from money market instruments to higher-yielding assets such as commodity-index funds) Table 1. Price of non fuel commodities 2006-2009 in US $ Commodities Weight* 2006 2007 2008 July 2009 Wheat 1.7 125.8 167.4 213.8 161.7 Maize 1.0 123.6 165.9 226.9 154.2 Rice 0.6 105.5 115.5 243.3 216.5 Barley 0.3 122.7 181.3 210.9 147.2 Soybeans 1.2 97.5 142.2 203.2 178.4 Sunflower oil 0.2 62.3 58.8 148 89.3 Meat 3.7 95.5 99.4 103.2 101.6 Seafood 3.2 120.5 112.5 113.4 123.3 Sugar 0.9 132.5 101.7 116.6 150.1 Bananas 0.4 118.4 117.4 146.3 143.7 Coffee 0.9 111.5 129.1 149.8 127.7 * Weights based on 2002-2004 average world export earnings. c) Water as battleground: securing food supply at expense of local population As food prices went up from 2006 to 2008 securing food production became one of the main driving factors behind land grab for many countries. However, in relation to the indigenous population protests against land grabs and necessary for food production, water supply in fact became a battleground in securing food supply. As Food and Agriculture Organization mentions, irrigation is crucial to the worlds food supplies: Between 1962 and 1998, irrigate land expanded by about 1.6 percent a year, a total increase of 100 million hectares. Graph 3, illustrates use of fresh water for irrigation purposes is different in different regions. For instance, Sub-Saharan Africa is using only 2% of its fresh water resources for irrigation where Gulf States use 80%. The availability of fresh water and potential that Africa has for agriculture represents on of the main reasons of conflict between indigenous population and investors seeking to lease already irrigated land together with river deltas, and other water sources available jeopardizing local populations existence and their livelihood. As mentioned earlier in this report, countries like China, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and many others have traveled the world seeking to lease new agricultural land to secure food supply and potentially provide higher financial returns. The following table emphasizes some of the major investors and host countries, as well as size and nature of the land grab deals. As stated bellow, countries as well as private entities are heavily involved in global land acquisition. Largest recorded land grab deals Investor country Host country Size and nature of deals Date announced China Congo 2.8 million ha for bio fuels Jul-07 Libya Mali 100,000 ha for rice Apr-09 S. Korea Sudan 690,000 ha for wheat Jun-08 United Arab Emirates Sudan 378,000 ha Aug-08 Saudi Arabia Tanzania 500,000 ha Apr-09 United Arab Emirates Pakistan 324,000 ha May-08 Jarch Capital (USA) Sudan 400,000 ha signed with the local army n/a Sweden Mozambique 100,000 ha for bio fuels n/a Japan Brazil 100,000 for soybeans 2007 Morgan Stanley (USA) Ukraine 40,000 ha purchased Mar-09 International Food Policy Research Institute. Land Grabbing by foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities. IFPRI Policy Brief 13. April 2009. However, besides investments focusing specifically on irrigated land and land that includes water resources the greatest threat to the indigenous population is in the nature of the international investment contracts. As Smaller and Mann, explain the investment contracts: increasingly have a propensity to become a legal code for the investment. In several developing countries, investment contracts become enshrined in legislation. In some instances, they even have a quasi-constitutional status. When such contracts depart form the application of otherwise generally applicable national or sub-national laws, they attain a law making status for that investment that goes outside normal commercial contracts. d) Common elements of the farmland acquisition deals: duration between 50-99 years land acquisition projects often larger that 10,000 hectares, main actors states, sovereign wealth funds, private entitles, investment banks, investment contracts will set not only the price and duration of the lease, but also rights: to export production, rights to import equipment and personnel, infrastructure use, environmental issues, workplace safety and labor conditions investment contracts lack transparency (a very few contracts have been made available to the public) 5) CASE STUDIES: PROTESTS TO SAVE LOCAL LAND RIGHTS As mentioned earlier in this paper, the following three case studies will identify common reasons behind protests against land grab. The first case study will be the country of Madagascar and the government coup caused by intended lease of 1.3 million hectares of land. The second study will be the country of Kenya where proposed lease of the most fertile land caused uproar in the local population. The third and final case will cover the Asia peasants caravan against global land grab using Philippines as an example of magnitude that international quest for land has reached. a) CASE STUDY # 1 Madagascar: Land grab and government coup In the constitution, it is stipulated that Madagascars land is neither for sale nor for rent. Andry Rajoelina As multiple news agencies reported on the large farmland acquisition deal between the South Korean company Daewoo Logistics and the government of Madagascar, it became clear that indigenous people would not quietly accept landlessness. The 1.3 million hectares contract for 99 years, representing half of arable land in Madagascar sparked strong opposition among local population. As Farmland-blog reports these violent protests took more than 100 lives and resulted in government coup of the President Rovalomanana. On the road to understand Malagasy people and their connection with the land, the following pages will introduce the country of Madagascar and their struggle against global farmland grab. According to the CIA Word Fact book, Madagascar, a small island in the Indian Ocean, and a former French colony that gained independence in 1960 discarded past socialist economic policies in 1990s. World Bank and IMF policies of privatization and liberalization have placed country on a slow growth path. Despite WB and IMF new policy that promised growth, Madagascar has seen its inhabitants standard of living decline dramatically over the past 25 years. The International Fund for Agricultural Developments Rural Poverty Portal mentions also that 68.7% of population lives below the poverty line and 85% of these people live in rural areas. As CIA points out, agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one-fourth of GDP and employing 80% of the population. The Malagasy farmers, as Rural Poverty Portal points out, practice subsistence agriculture, producing barely enough to feed their families with average plot of 1.3 hectares. Just a comparison between the land available for a single family of 1.3 hectares and the deal offered to Daewoo Logistics of 1.3 million hectares can solely explains the feelings and resentment of the local population towards farmland grab. In addition and as Fighting Hunger with Human Rights organization reports, the former President Ravalomananas Poverty Reduction Strategy to attract foreign investment to increase production was seen as a key to help the country, together with modernization of the land tenure system and promotion of the agribusiness. As FIAN further reports, since 2003, International Finance Institutions pressured Malagasy government to allow granting land to foreigners and to pass laws that grant foreign natural, or legal entities land leases for a maximum of 99 years. The FIAN further reports that applications for land acquisition by foreigners were granted expeditiously, where as Malagasy small farmers meet overwhelming difficulties to get titles deed for their lands. There are reports of granting traditional land to investors without consent of local population which in fact is a violations of the Free Prior Informed Consent, article 32 of 2007 UN declaration on the rights of indigenous people. The announcement of the Daewoo deal, As Sam Urquhart of the Rain Forest Rescue explains was crucial in political power shift in Madagascar. As Urquhart quotes Prof. Nadia Horning of Middlebury College, Ravalomananas deal with Daewoo presented a perfect opportunity to tap into nationalistic sentiments given Malagasy peoples attachment to land, which is thought of as the land of their ancestors. Public support for the presidents reforms and foreign investment deals melted away, and presidential challenger and the coup leader Andry Rajoelina expressed his support to the indigenous population: In the constitution, it is stipulated that Madagascars land is neither for sale nor for rent, so the agreement with Daewoo is cancelled. Chart 1. This chart is important because it compares the size of irrigated land and the size of arable land directly emphasizing the importance of land and water resources for the local population questioning governments decisions to rent this land threatening the livelihood of the local population. Chart 2. Chart 2 clearly compares the size of the irrigated land in Madagascar and the size of Korean investment. The similarities in size point towards irregularities and illegalities of these deals that violate the rights of the indigenous population. b) CASE STUDY #2 Kenya: proposal to rent the most fertile land causes promise to fight the deal to death No amount of force will get us to give that land to Qatar! Omara Kalasinga, local activists Kenya Just a proposal for land acquisition deal in the Kenyans Tana River Delta by Arab emirate Qatar was enough for the local population to promise to fight the deal to death, if it comes to that. This proposal, as Wadhams explains, includes US $ 2.5 billion loan to build a second deep-water port in Kenya in exchange for 40,000 hectares of land to grow food. According to Joyce Mulama a third of Kenyas 34 million population is facing starvation which forced President Mwai Kibaki to declare the situation a national disaster, appealing for food relief bringing local activists to seek logic behind the land acquisition. The regional hub for trade and finance in East Africa, as CIA World Fact Book reports, Kenya has been hampered by corruption and by reliance upon several primary goods whose prices have remained low. . Further CIA elaborates, Severe drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded Kenyas problems, causing water and energy rationing, reducing agricultural output, and contracting GDP by 0.2% in 2000. As CIA further reports growth in Kenya stayed at 1.1% in 2002 because of unpredictable rains, low investor confidence, insufficient donor support, and political power struggle. As country struggled through drought for several years now, the significance of Tana River Delta lease is therefore even more important. As Wadhams explain, rain is abundant there, fertile land is little developed and prime and it would be just kilometers from the proposed port bringing Qatar even closer to harvest. As similar to Madagascar, this plan was a part of governments Vision 2030 promotion to infrastructure investment and improvements in Kenya. Especially the port would be extremely beneficial to development, but for what cost? Even though Kenyan government claims that land in Tana Delta is theirs to give, local population indicates that they might not have deeds, but customary rights prevail. As Hadley Becha, the director of the East African Wildlife Society said: people were there before the state came into existence, and on the ground we will have to displace people who are not ready to be displaced. L In addition to violation of the free, prior informed consent (FPIC) and indigenous peoples right to say Yes or No to proposed development of their land, Kenyan government does not stop there. Kenya is giving away the agricultural land in the name of development while still receives food aid. As David Hallam, head of the Trade Policy Service at the UN Food and Agricultural Organization states: It does seem rather anomalous that youve got countries which are food insecure, and in receipt of food aid shipments, and at he same time handing over control of land to third countries. Even though Qatars Emir, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani as Wadhams writes may thought that he had a deal what would help feed his 800,000 people, the deal did not go through. As soon as announcements appeared in the Kenyan newspaper, anger started to mount. Criticism came from different sides, think thanks, non-government organizations, and civil society. Tana River Delata was seized by local who have promised to fight for it to the death, if it comes to that. Chart 3 Chart 3 clearly indicates the size of agricultural land for Kenyan use. However, this chart is important because not only it indicates the size of arable land compared to the area used for permanent crops, but shows how little of irrigated land the country has making the Tana River even more important for the population. Chart 4 This chart is important because it compares the size of irrigated land to the size of Qatar investment. Qatars investment in the most fertile and the most irrigated parcel of land questions any potential idea for sustainability and agricultural investments that will help local population. c) CASE STUDY #3 Asia peasants caravan against global land grab: strong message to support local land rights At the height of the global financial crisis, state terrorism and widespread land grab the fifteen million strong Asian Peasant Coalition (APC) has kicked off a Five month Asia wide Peasant caravan for land and livelihood that started on July 20 in Shi Lanka and will end in November 2009 in India. As stated in the protest media release ten countries will participate: Sri Lanka, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Mongolia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Thailand, and India. i) Land grab history for countries participating in the caravan Approximately 365 million people in Asia derive their livelihoods from land. Unfortunately, landlessness in Asia in intensifying at an alarming rate over the last ten years, owning to the greater degree of integration of Asian countries with the global market and increasing demands for land by big corporation interests. Landlessness, as Danilo Ramos, Secretary General of the Asian Peasant Coalition explains, is contributing to poverty and hunger and most Asians live on less that $1 a day. Majority of the farmers do not own the lands they till and are bound by feudal and semi-feudal relations of exploitation as tenants, farm workers, or lease holders. ii) Protest The problem of land grabbing by foreign investors and governments, as Sarath Fernando, Co-Secretary of the Movement for national Land and Agricultural reform (MOLNAR) states extends well elsewhere in Asia and Africa ever since high food prices in 2007 and 2008. The food price increase raised the prospect of food insecurity for countries without much farmland, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). These countries have scoured Asia for land which in turn will result to more landlessness among the Asian peasants. As Ramos explains, the objective of the Asian-wide caravan is to send the Asian Peasants strong message against global land grabbing and popularize peasant victories and success stories in its struggle for genuine land reform that will inspire other peasants worldwide. iii) Country study: Philippines and land reform rip-off As an example of the government actions that violate local peasants rights to land Ramos, Secretary General of the Asian Peasant Coalition mentions Philippines. A series of high profile deals have interfered with agrarian reform, including land distribution in this country. As Ramos mentions Philippines president has kept public land for foreign leases, and especially 1.2 million hectares of land that China wanted to lease. The same land, according to Ramos and the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (DENR, was declared ready for redistribution to local peasants. This idea is only one in the row of land lease deals conducted by the Philippines. The chart below will compare the land acquisition deals with the available arable land in the Philippines emphasizing how the size of the countries irrigated land almost equals the size of potential Chinese 1.3 million hectares investment, Qatar 100,000 hectares potential investment, and already sighed 25 year deal for 94,000 he ctares to South Korea. Again, the similar situation as previously mentioned in Kenya sustainability of current investment and any further investment into agriculture that might potentially benefit local population is questionable. Chart 5. Philippines distribution of agricultural land Chart 6. Philippines proposed land grabs compared with size of available irrigated land 6) CONCLUSIONS Increasing food prices and worldwide financial crisis have influenced a new wave of global land grab. Food security is on the top of political agendas, and a quest for fertile land invite questions about neo-colonialism that will threaten livelihood of local population. As stated earlier, the land acquisition deal from 2006 till now look much more lucrative for the buyer than the seller. These deals lack transparency, checks and balance, and in many cases do not share the benefits with the indigenous population. With all these issues in mind local population in countries of this study have stood up for their rights. Madagascar, Kenya and ten countries of the Asian Peasant Coalition have protested against volitions of their land rights and allowed this study to identify major reoccurring elements that are specific for the land acquisition deals that threaten social and cultural identity, environment and local food production. The common reasons behind protests are as follows: Importance of the land to local population is emphasizes and potentially underestimated by the investing country; Deal present a great risk for landlessness; Economic situation categorizes these countries as poor, in development; Population living below poverty line, mainly in rural areas; Local food security issues at critical levels and many countries receive food aid; Agriculture is a major contributor to the economy ; Political situation indicates governments in transition, post coup, conflict or corrupt; Land acquisition deals important elements of Presidential Development and Investment Vision for the countries in question; Local government ignores indigenous populations rights; Investment deals negotiated in secrecy only in final phases reached the press Investment deals more lucrative for the investor than for the local population; Investment deals involve the most fertile and irrigated parcels of land; Invest ment deals involve the large parcels of land which lease will threaten local food production; No official mechanism, local government or international to protest local rights; Rights of the indigenous people to express their opinions on the land development issues violated {FPIC (Free, Prior Informed Consent) article 32 of 2007 UN declaration} Agricultural land ownership reforms institutionalized not in favor of peasants and influenced by International Financial Organizations. Besides the above-mentioned elements, it is important to say that indigenous population in these countries might not have the strongest government, or the most developed infrastructure, but their civil society and ability to stand up and defend their rights is what is important. The role of civil society was crucial and contributed to mobilization of peasants whose protest escalated at different phases of the international investment deals, i.e. Madagascar stopped signed deal and Kenya stopped a proposal. However, the Asian Peasants Caravan has elevated the fight of indigenous people at the highest level seen until now. The peasants from ten different countries are not only joining to worn about any potential deal that will threaten their livelihood and their land and water rights. The international community of peasants, suffering from the same oppression, joined together to share stories and knowledge, not only from village to village, but also from country to country, and continent to continent. Their strong message is heard clear, they are ready to fight for their land rights and for their livelihood. REFERENCES Asian Peasant Coalition (APC) Media Release. July 25, 2009. https://farmlandgrab.org/6501. Access 8/8/2009 Blas, Javier and England Andrew. Foreign fields: Rich states look beyond their borders for fertile soil. Financial Times. August 19, 2008. Braun Joachim Von and Meinsen-Dick Ruth. Land Grabbing by Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities. International Food Policy Research Institute. Policy Brief No. 13. April 2009 CIA Word Fact Book. Kenya. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-fact/geos/ma.html#top. Access 7/18/2009 CIA Word Fact Book. Madagascar. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ma.html#top. Access 7/17/2009 Economic Commission for Africa of the UN. Food Security and Sustainable development. https://www.uneca.org/eca_programmes/sdd/default.htm. Accessed 6/6/2009 Farmland Grab. Food crisis and the global land grab: Sudan. https://farmlandgrab.org/cat/sudan. Accessed 5/31/2009 Financial times, Editorial, November 2008, Fighting Hunger with Human Rights. FIAN. https://www.fian.org/cases/letter-campaigns/madagascar-threat-of-large-scale-land-acquisition-by-foreign-companies/fcampaign_view. Access 7/13/2009 Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN. https://www.fao.org/faostat/foodsecurity/MDG/EN/Sudan_e.pdf. Accessed 6/2/2009 FAO Fact Sheet. Unlocking the Water Potential of Agriculture. FAO 2003 Sarath Fernando, Co-Secretary of the Movement for national Land and Agricultural reform (MOLNAR). Asian Peasant Coalition (APC) Media Release. July 25, 2009. https://farmlandgrab.org/6501. Access 8/8/2009 Grain. Making a killing from hunger. Against the grain. Barcelona. April 2008. https://www.grain.org/articles/?id=39 Grain. Seized the 2009 land grab for food and financial security! October 2008 International Fund for Agricultural Development. Sudan. https://operations.ifad.org/web/ifad/operations/country/home/tags/sudan. Accessed 6/5/2009 International Monetary Fund. Impact of High food and fuel prices on developing countries FAQ. Updated April 11,2008. Access 8/2/2009. https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/faq/ffpfaqs.htm International Monetary Fund. Table 2. Indices of Market Prices for Non-Fuel and Fuel Commodities 2006-2009. https://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/table2.pdf. Access: 8/8/2009 International Food Policy Research Institute. Land Grabbing by foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities. IFPRI Policy Brief 13. April 2009. Mulma, Joyce. Kenya: Fears over new land deal. Inter Press Service. 4 July 2009. https://farmlandgrab.org/5992/print/ Ramos, Danilo. APC Secretary. Asian Peasant Coalition (APC) Media Release. July 25, 2009. https://farmlandgrab.org/6501. Access 8/8/2009 Rettet den Regenwald. Rainforest Rescue. https://www.regenwald.org/internatioanl/englisch/protestaktion.php?id+421. Access 7/1/2009 Rural Poverty Portal. Rural poverty in Madagascar. https://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/web/guest/country/home/tags/madagascar Access 6/15/2009 Ryall, Julian.Land rental deal collapses after backlash against colonialism. Telegraph. UK. Jan 14, 2009 Urquhart, Sam. The food crisis continues in the form of a global scramble for lucrative farmlands. June 17, 2009. https://farmlandgrab.org/5562/print. Access 7/12/2009 Wadhams, Nick. Kenyan activists fight land deal with Qatar. The National. June 5, 2009. https://farmalndgrab.org/4694/print/ World Bank. Country study: Sudan. https://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/SUDANEXTN/0,,menuPK:375428~pagePK:141159~piPK:141110~theSitePK:375422,00.html. Accessed 6/4/2009

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The National Drinking Age Research Paper - 2214 Words

The National Drinking Age Research Paper In the United States of America, there is a minimum drinking age of 21. The legal drinking age legally specifies the youngest age in which a person is allowed to consume and purchase alcoholic beverages. From country to country, there are varying ages of legal drinking ages. There is much debate in the United States on whether the legal drinking age should be lowered to eighteen from twenty one, or should remain the same. People in favor of lowering the drinking age propose that since eighteen is characterized as being an adult (legally and socially), one of the rights that should come along with that is drinking alcohol. Also, that if we were to lower the drinking age, less young adults would be†¦show more content†¦The temperance societies were religious groups whose main focus was ridding American society from alcohol, because they believed it was the cause of all their misfortunes. Soon enough, this group became a powerful politic al force, campaigning on the state level for prohibition (prohibiting all sale, manufacture and transportation of intoxicating liquors for the use as beverages).4 In December 1917, Congress passed the 18th Amendment of prohibition and was sent to states for ratification.4 Two years later on January 29, 1919, the 18th Amendment receives the three-fourths majority of state ratification.4 Prohibition took effect in January 1920. Following the passage of the 18th Amendment, crime began to sprung about in large scale.4 Illegal sale and production of alcohol began to occur all across the United States. This action was called bootlegging.4 As the manufacturing and sale of the illegal alcohol went further into the underground, shady area, it began to be managed by gangs and the Mafia.4 They became skilled at bribing politicians and the police force to turn their face away from their illegal activities, and they renamed and transformed themselves into cultivated criminal businesses that obta ined immense profits from their bootleg alcohol trade.4 In addition to bootlegging, prostitution and gambling also arrived at new heights. Because of the colossal increase in criminal activity due to prohibition, Congress passed the 21st

Agricultural Genetic Engineering A Vital...

Agricultural Genetic Engineering; A Vital Biotechnological Tool Fascinating times we are currently living in. A rapid, consistently growing population creating gross demands for food is pushing our resources to capacity. Fulfilling the needs of the world s population is a monumental task. Limited arable land to cultivate and an ever changing climate has led to environmental degradation. At this rate of exponential human population growth, it is predicted to reach 9 billion people by 2050, however, â€Å"it is uncertain whether current agricultural practices will be able to feed the world† at that stage of growth. In the 1970s pioneering biotechnologies began paving the way to providing solutions to supply the world s food demands,†¦show more content†¦I am going to discuss whether this economically driven movement is going to bring larger scale issues in the future based on our current world agriculture status and predicted forecast, taking into account are these strategies socially, economically, and ethically feasible? Intensive GE efforts have been made to help protect crops from insects to improve their yield and quality. The majority of the world s crops are protected against the most significant insect pests. Natural resistance is the combination of complex factors of inherent genes and ecological resistance that have evolved over many years of plants being exposed to pests. However, thoroughbred crops are often grown in artificial environments that become susceptible to pest infestation. Moreover, often modern high intensive growth practices actually foster pest proliferation. Coincidentally by using chemical controls for insect pests has created a selection pressure for development of resistant insect populations but, in turn, has also reduced the populations of insect predators of pest species. At present natural mechanisms for plant resistance to insects is still an area that needs to be further understood. Currently, insect resistant crops have been developed through simplistic methods by producing transgenic plants with single genes encoding endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis. â€Å"Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insect resistant crops are one of the most astounding

My View of Tampa Bay Essay Example For Students

My View of Tampa Bay Essay I look around to see a vast area. A river separated the place I am sitting, school and downtown Tampa. The buildings are so tall and the sky behind it, is crystal clear blue, with no clouds in the sky surrounding. I can see all the brand banks with big letters such as Sykes, Bank of America and Wells Fargo. I lay on the cool grass, I can feel the cold breeze laying in the shade. I see the water from the hillsborough river flowing, and I watch the boats slowly pass by the calm water. I can see people walking around the park, riding bikes, some couples taking pictures and enjoying the Florida sunshine in the beautiful weather. Surrounding in the landscape are green trees full of life. Near me is a bridge with cars driving through, I hear them as they speed by. In the distance, I can see more boats and another bridge with cars driving over it. There are also people biking over the bridge and a few homeless laying by the gate. The park is pretty quiet behind me, people walking their dogs and laying on the grass reading. I see another group in a hammock. The environment is very peaceful bringing it all together from the shade to calm water, blue sky and big buildings towering over downtown tampa. I see a plane flying over the city circling with a flag advertisement. Further past the buildings are apartments each with a little balcony full of workers and people that live in this city. This isnt my home but just laying here admiring everything really makes me think about what a special place this is. That’s why I chose this school, this campus is really extraordinary. I love the city, it’s very different from home, I like different. Just sitting here and admiring this view, the weather feeling a little cold, viewing the big city. So many people everywhere and not to mention the cars constantly coming from everywhere in and out of the city. The daily commuter trying to beat the rush traffic. I chose this place in particular because I think it’s the most peaceful place on campus. I come here to think allot or when I just want to get away from the packed little city on campus. Even at night when all the buildings lights are turned on and the sky is clear, it’s really nice come to this place. It just seems this place is the least congested to me. It’s a getaway, a place to come and clear my head or have long conversations. It may not be the most interesting place to describe but it’s completely different than any other place in Tampa. Being that the city and the campus is separated by the river. And the bridge, running off the highway on West Kennedy Blvd, leads cars going all over the place.

Signora Da Vinci Essay Example For Students

Signora Da Vinci Essay Catering is the Signora dad Vinci. She is Leonardo mother. She is the daughter off well-educated man, Ernest, Vines apothecary. He had an alchemical laboratory, a medicinal garden and an apothecary shop where Catering normally helped. Caterings mom died when she was a baby. Catering was raised by her dad and by her aunt. At the age of eight, his dad decided she was ready to start her education. Ernest told Catering that eight was the greatest of numbers because it was the number of Infinity: It had no beginning and no end. He said: Eight is the number of endless possibility. (p. 8) That day Ernest took Catering to the third floor, a place where she was not allowed to go before. There she found two rooms. Catering explained what she felt when she entered into the rooms. (p. 9) When we entered I found myself in a bright, airy, but unadorned room. It was filled with tables, and the surface of every one of them was covered in books There were dozens of hand- copied books, one manuscript, for example, was one thousand years old. Her father to to have those books and manuscripts because he worked for the Florentine historian and scholar: Pogo Bracingly who also worked for Cosmic De Medici. Cosmic wanted his people to know the ancient Greek and Roman writers and documents that were destroyed with the great library in Alexandria (Egypt. Many of these were hidden from the Christian church fathers, who thought them heretical. Ernest told her daughter that What lied within the pages of those books were truths that they couldnt allow to be lost to the World. Truths that had to be learned by her. And Catering did learn.

The Value of $100 Today Is Worth the Same Tomorrow Essay Sample free essay sample

( 5 points ) $ 100 today is worth the SAME as $ 100 tomorrow. True False Question 2 ( 5 points ) At an involvement rate of 10 % it is better to hold $ 100 today than $ 120 in 2 old ages. True False Question 3 ( 5 points ) Megan wants to purchase a interior decorator pocketbook and programs to gain the money baby sitting. Suppose the involvement rate is 6 % and she is willing to wait one twelvemonth to buy the bag. How much baby sitting money ( to the nearest whole dollar ) will she necessitate to gain today to purchase the bag for $ 400 one twelvemonth from now? ( Enter merely the figure without the $ mark or a comma ) Answer for Question 3 25. 44 Question 4 ( 10 points ) Johnny and Darren both earn $ 100 working on their several neighbors’ large farms. Johnny puts his $ 100 in the hoggish bank that his parents gave him to promote him to salvage. Darren puts his money in a nest eggs account his parents put up for him. The nest eggs account pays 3 % involvement. We will write a custom essay sample on The Value of 0 Today Is Worth the Same Tomorrow Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They both take their money out after 5 old ages. How much more money does Darren hold than Johnny? 16 19 10 3 Question 5 ( 10 points ) Don has merely received a hard currency gift of $ 50. 000 from his rich bizarre uncle. He wants to put it aside to pay for his girl Cynthia’s college instruction. Cynthia will get down college in 10 old ages and Don’s fiscal adviser says that she can gain 7 % involvement on an investing in a particular college fund. How much will Don hold in the fund when Cynthia begins college? ( Enter merely the figure without the $ mark or a comma ; unit of ammunition to the nearest whole dollar. ) Answer for Question 5 98357. 2 Question 6 ( 10 points ) Bridgette’s grandparents opened a nest eggs history for her and placed $ 500 in the history. The history pays 3. 5 % involvement. Bridgette wants to be a vocalist and she has her bosom set on a new karaoke machine. The machine costs $ 150. How much less will the history be deserving in 8 old ages if she buys the karaoke machine now versus go forthing the history untouched? ( Enter merely the figure without the $ mark or a comma ; unit of ammunition to the nearest whole dollar. ) Answer for Question 6 5516. 20-3861. 34=1655 Question 7 ( 10 points ) The Johnson household is worried about their ability to pay college tuition for their girl Chloe. Tuition rates are presently $ 9. 500 per twelvemonth at the province college and have been increasing at a rate of 7 % yearly. Chloe will get down college in 7 old ages. The Johnson’s have $ 9. 500 set aside now in a college program that will gain 6 % per twelvemonth. They late heard about a program to pre-pay tuition at current rates. that is pay $ 9. 500 per twelvemonth of college. Should they pre-pay Chloe’s first twelvemonth now or maintain the money invested and pay the tuition 7 old ages from now? How much are they salvaging in FV footings with this determination? Pre-pay ; 685 Pre-pay ; 781 Pre-pay ; 970 Don’t Pre-pay ; 781 Don’t Pre-pay ; 685 Don’t Pre-pay ; 970 Question 8 ( 15 points ) Ralph knows that he is traveling to hold to replace his roof shortly. If he has the roof replaced now. it will be $ 10. 000. He could wait 5 old ages. but it will so be him $ 20. 000. At what rate will these options cost the same. ( Hint: This is besides known as the break-even point. Exact computation up to two decimals is non hard. If stuck. test and mistake will assist. ( No more than two decimals in the per centum involvement rate but do non come in the % sign. ) Answer for Question 8 Question 9 ( 15 points ) Rondo is in the market for a new auto. He has narrowed his hunt down to 2 theoretical accounts. Model A costs $ 32. 000 and Model B costs $ 28. 000. With both autos he plans to pay hard currency and have them for 4 old ages before trading in for a new auto. His research indicates that the trade in value for Model A after 4 old ages is 60 % of the initial purchase monetary value. while the trade in value for Model B is 45 % . The involvement rate is 5 % . For simpleness assume that operating and care costs for the theoretical accounts are indistinguishable. Which theoretical account is the better determination and how much â€Å"cheaper† is it than the option? Model A ; 1430 Model B ; 1430 Model A ; 4000 Model A ; 1257 Model B ; 1207 Model B ; 4000 Question 10 ( 15 points ) Christine is a new homebuyer. She wants to do certain that she incorporates the cost of care into her determination. She estimates that everyday fixs and care on the place she is sing will be $ 1. 590 in the first twelvemonth ( one twelvemonth from now ) . Due to the increasing age of the place. she expects that care costs will increase 6 % yearly. The involvement rate is 5 % . If she plans to be in the place for 10 old ages. what is the present value of all future care? ( Note that care costs will alter yearly. and starts one twelvemonth from now and she plans to make the last one before selling her house. )

Technology Essays (1863 words) - Digital Media, Free Essays

Technology Essays (1863 words) - Digital Media, Free Essays The technology which surrounds almost everyone in the modern society, affects both work and leisure activities. Technology contains information that many would rather it did not have. It influences minds in good and bad ways, and it allows people to share information which they would otherwise not be able to attain. Even if a person does not own a computer or have credit cards, there is information on a computer somewhere about everyone. The technology which is just now beginning to be manipulated and harnessed is affecting the minds of small children and adolescents in ways that could be harmful. It is affecting our immediate future. It also gives another form of communication and exchange of information which was not available before, information that is both good and bad. Technology is one of the principal driving forces of the future; it is transforming our lives and shaping our future at rates unprecedented in history, with profound implications which we can't even begin to see or understand. Many different elements affect how satisfied we are with our lives. The impact of technology on these elements can change how safe, healthy and happy people feel. Throughout history, people have looked for better ways to meet their needs and to satisfy their expectations. Technology has improved the way people feed, clothe and shelter themselves. Technology has also changed other aspects of everyday life, such as health care, education, job satisfaction, and leisure time activities. People have used technology since they first chipped stone blades to improve their hunting. Yet some people call the current age the "Technological Age" because of society's dependence on technology. For the first time in human history, almost all the goods and services people use d epend on technology. Almost everyone believes that technology has made life easier and more comfortable and that it has enabled us to perform tasks that we could not do otherwise. A list of the benefits of technology would be very long indeed. However, as with almost everything we human beings have created, technology has a downside. There is, we might say, a dark side to technology. For openers, technology does not necessarily make life simpler; rather, it tends to make life more complicated. Nowadays, for example, nearly every discussion of the "wonderful power of technology to enrich our lives" mentions the cell phone. Certainly, the instant communication brought about by the telephone has been a boon. It was originally a rather simple device that anyone could learn to use in a matter of minutes, and we soon began using phones to make and receive phone calls, usually about matters of some consequence. Recently, however, we have enabled these devices to perform a ridiculous number of irrelevant functions. One needs a thirty-page booklet to learn how to use them. Anyone who enters a phone store today seeking a phone that simply sends and receives phone calls is likely to be looked upon as a refugee from the Dark Ages or from another planet. Furthermore, we have millions of people walking about or driving their cars while talking on cell phones, usually discussin g matters of no importance whatsover. If an alien civilization were to tap into our phone lines, its inhabitants would think that everyone on our planet was insane, and they wouldn't be far from wrong. In a sane world, would almost all of its inhabitants carry complex, multifunction gadgets that are used primarily to engage in trivial chatter and use them in ways that are socially annoying and unsafe? Another example of the complexity of modern technology is the computer. Again, nobody can deny that computers have enabled us to share information, process data, and perform numerous other tasks with speed and ease that, as recently as a generation ago, we would have thought impossible. Computer technology has been advancing so rapidly that new applications are discovered faster than anyone can keep pace and that's a problem. Even the experts understand only a fraction of what these machines do (just ask an expert for help when a computer malfunctions). Although most users can and do master some of the basic operations, most computer owners cannot use many of the functions that are built into computer programs. Much

Economic Development and Increasing Solution in Developing Countries Coursework

Economic Development and Increasing Solution in Developing Countries - Coursework Example Conclusion- This part of the paper summarizes the key findings that are contained in the body of the article. This summary includes a re-statement of thesis statement and findings. This section also offers a possible solution for the problem stated in the introduction and analyzed in the main body. The Links between Economic Development and Increasing Pollution in Developing Countries Introduction Economic growth and development are directly linked to environmental pollution. Research has shown that economic development acts as a catalyst for increased levels of pollution and vice versa (Faucheux & O'Connor, 2002, p. 115). However, the relationship between economic development and pollution in developed and developing countries is fundamentally different. This is because; this relationship/link is influenced by a different factors. This paper evaluates the factors that form the link between increasing pollution and economic development in developing countries. ... This scenario is slowly changing and developing countries such as Brazil and India have higher levels of environmental pollution. This shift is linked to the economic development of third world countries. Even though development countries are aware of the bio-diversity and climate repercussions that occur due to environmental pollution, they opt to prioritize their economic development so that they can be able to support their large populations. One of the key features of developing countries is large populations and high birth rates. Most developing countries decide to focus on economic growth in order to address the immediate challenge of feeding their populace. Since the repercussions of increased population are less immediate than starvation these countries make the choice to focus on economic development (Kramer, 2001, pp. 321-322). In contrast to developed nations, the economies of developing countries are still highly dependent on ‘heavy industries’. Such industri es contribute greatly to increased environmental pollution. In this era of globalization, developing countries often perceive any attempts to steer them away from reliance on such ‘heavy industries’ as interference which is aimed at derailing their economic development. This is because they are often economically weak and unstable, developed countries are often incapable of establishing industries that cause less harm to the environment (Schmandt & Ward, 2000, p. 184). In fact it is almost inconceivable for most developing countries to consider giving up profitable (but environmentally degrading) industries and establish new ‘green industries’. Due to globalization, most countries need to remain competitive in order to attain economic development.